[1] Election of the Executive Positions are unique in the Republic of the United States, as the Founders sought to avoid a Parliamentary model and follow more of a stadtholdership model followed by the Dutch Republics that preceded it in the American colonies (the Republic of Novi Belgii, often conflated with the Republic of Nieuw Amsterdam, later to become Novae Angliae at the conclusion of the Dutch-Anglo Wars in 1674).
Hence, since the Ratification of the United States Constitution, only the Executives (President and Vice–President) of the USA are elected by Electors, not the people, nor any legislators. And the slate of Electors are elected exactly on midnight of USA’ “Election Day”.
[1] https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/3/1
[1] ChatGPT, which stands for Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer, is a large language model-based chatbot powered by artificial intelligence, with a neural network scanning billions of terabytes of internet based data, that can find answers to questions. It was developed by OpenAI. OpenAI is an American artificial intelligence (AI) research laboratory consisting of the non-profit (iv) OpenAI, Inc. and its for profit subsidiary corporation OpenAI, L.P. OpenAI conducts research on artificial intelligence with the declared intention of developing "safe and beneficial" artificial general intelligence, which it defines as "highly autonomous systems that outperform humans at most economically valuable work". https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT
[1] In Presidential elections, there is a Constitutional Distinction between ballots cast under Article II of the Constitution for Electors who will elect the next President and Vice President, and all other “down ballot” offices from Senator to Congressman to Governor to the Dog Catcher. Nevertheless, they are included on one ballot ticket since the mid 1800s. Thus the intermingled ballot devolved into an argument as to whether stopping the counting of ballots for a President and Vice Presidential Electors at midnight on “Election Day” per established law would disenfranchise the casting of a ballot for, inter alia, the Town Dog Catcher. How did this happen? Simplicity had evolved into Chaos.
[1] The basic reason for this “Election Day” date was that in 1845, the USA was a largely agricultural society at the time, the first week of November came after the crops were harvested but before the snows began to fall.
[1]Gohmet et al. v. Pence, United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas,20-cv-00660, sought an expedited declaratory judgment finding that Section 15 of the Electoral Count Act, 3 U.S.C. §§ 5 and 15 were unconstitutional because these provisions violate the Electors Clause and the Twelfth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. Plaintiffs also requested emergency injunctive relief required to effectuate the requested declaratory judgment. This one chance to resolve this conflict was dismissed without prejudice due to lack of standing and jurisdiction. Plaintiffs appealed to the 5th Circuit, where the dismissal was quickly affirmed.
[1] 3 U.S. Code § 1 - Time of appointing electors
The electors of President and Vice President shall be appointed, in each State, on election day, in accordance with the laws of the State enacted prior to election day.
(Added Pub. L. 117–328, div. P, title I, § 102(a), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5233.)
[1] While often categorized as a democracy, the United States is more accurately defined as a “constitutional federal republic”. What does this mean? “Constitutional” refers to the fact that government in the United States is based on a Constitution which is the supreme law of the United States. The Constitution not only provides the framework for how the federal and state governments are structured, but also places significant limits on their powers. “Federal” means that there is both a national government and governments of the 50 states. A “republic” is a form of government in which the people hold power, but elect representatives to exercise that power. https://ar.usembassy.gov/u-s-government/
[1]This Guide Book deals with the 2020 Presidential mishap, but noting that just days before the end of the 117th Congress, an omnibus appropriations bill was signed by President Joe Biden. Included in that 4,000-page spending law was the Electoral Count Reform and Presidential Transition Improvement Act of 2022, or ECRA. This bipartisan legislation allegedly was intended to provide better guardrails to govern how presidential election results get from the states to the Electoral College process and then to Congress, and how Congress handles them once there, allegedly because the Electoral Count Act of 1887 was overdue for an overhaul because it did not offer clear guidance on counting electoral votes or how to resolve possible disputes. (History buffs will note that in 1887 Congress created the ECA specifically to preclude problems such as those that arose in the 1876 presidential election. This was known as the Hayes –Tilden conflict. The Compromise of 1877, also known as the Wormley Agreement or the Bargain of 1877, was an unwritten deal, informally arranged among members of the United States Congress, to settle the intensely disputed 1876 presidential election between Republican Rutherford B. Hayes and Democrat Samuel J. Tilden. The Democrats agreed to the election of Hayes and in turn he agreed to withdraw the occupying Union Army from the South, leaving the Democrats in control there. The Compromise itself provided for the withdrawal of the last federal (Union) troops from the Southern United States(the former Confederate States ) and effectively ended the Reconstruction Era.
[1] https://bigthink.com/culture-religion/those-who-do-not-learn-history-doomed-to-repeat-it-really/
[1] https://www.allsides.com/news-source/atlantic
[1] There has always been an ongoing debate as to whether voting was a “right” or a “privilege” See: https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/07/22/wide-partisan-divide-on-whether-voting-is-a-fundamental-right-or-a-privilege-with-responsibilities/
Is voting a right or a privilege? Some say it's a privilege, and others say it's a right, it may be both. “Nowhere in the constitution does it say “all individuals have the right to vote.” (Garrett Epps), so that means the constitution does not protect the right for all citizens to vote, but rather the right for all qualified citizens to vote. Eighteen states have voter-ID requirements which means if you meet those requirements then you have the privilege to vote. The same for when you become of age, eighteen. Some states have the law that “if you’re a felon then you are not allowed to vote.” (Fleischer, Jeff). If you’re not a felon, then you have the privilege to vote. All state requirements and laws show that voting is a privilege, not a right.
History simply shows that in 1870, the Constitution guaranteed the right to vote to all men that were 21 or older regardless of race or ethnic background. It wasn’t until 1920 that women of the age 21 and older had the right to vote. Finally, in 1965, The Voting Rights Act was applied and gave all qualifying citizens the right to vote. Ratified in July 1971, the 26th Amendment to the United States Constitution lowered the voting age of U.S. citizens from 21 to 18.
[1]“Judicial activism” is a counter-intuitive judicial philosophy to “the balanced scales of justice”, holding that the courts can and should go beyond the applicable law to consider broader societal implications of its decisions. It is sometimes used as an antonym of judicial restraint. The term usually implies that judges make rulings based on their own views rather than on precedent.
The definition of judicial activism and the specific decisions that are activist are controversial political and/or social issues. The question of judicial activism is closely related to judicial interpretation, statutory interpretation, and separation of powers, or “legislating from the bench”, a power reserved to the Congress, or even overturning State Propositions” approved by a majority of popular vote of State voters. It is the unseen dark force behind contemporary “social engineering”.
Even before this phrase “Judicial activism” was first used, the general concept already existed. For example, Thomas Jefferson referred to the "despotic behaviour" of Federalist federal judges, in particular Chief Justice John Marshall. But the Framers failed to put a “check and balance” on the Judiciary, insisting on “judicial restraint”, little guessing in 1789 that this country would become, in less than 230 years, a nation of celebrity worshippers and lawyers. It was, perhaps, the greatest failure of the Framers and of the U.S. Constitution in general. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_activism)
[1]Kroll, Alex J. “Dismantling Self-Government: The Brennan Center’s Election Fraud Offensive.” Capital Research Center. April 1, 2014, Accessed July 31, 2017. https://capitalresearch.org/article/dismantling-self-government-the-brennan-centers-election-fraud-offensive/
[1] https://www.influencewatch.org/non-profit/william-j-brennan-center-for-justice/
[1] Id, analysis of data compiled by FoundationSearch.com, a project of Metasoft Systems, from tax returns filed with the Internal Revenue Service. Queries conducted August 1, 2017
[1]https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/truth-about-voter-fraud
[1]https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/election-deniers-playbook-2024
[1] id.
[1] Authors Note: Six additional (non footnoted but see Google) incredible examples of biased media quotes using adjectives to describe election liars, etc. This hypocritical difference goes far beyond Thomas Jefferson or mere semantics; sic:deceitful, devious, schemers, racist, deplorable, moronic.
1.“But by definition, those spreading the Big Lie that Trump won the election are liars.
Asserting otherwise ignores Biden's resounding popular vote and Electoral College wins, followed by Trump's 60+ unsuccessful court challenges seeking to reverse those results. It disregards schemes that are the subject of federal and state criminal investigations to subvert the election. It perpetuates the danger that culminated in the January 6 insurrection.”
2.“And it undermines what matters most to American democracy: public confidence in free, fair, and secure elections.”
3.“The widespread use of election "denier" is the culmination of the press's struggle to cover Donald Trump appropriately. Until 2015, the country had never seen a presidential candidate like him. Rarely calling him a persistent liar--which he is--news organizations accused him of more benign acts: "dishonesty, spreading falsehoods, misrepresenting facts, distorting news, passing on inaccuracies, and being loose with the truth."
4.“Such disingenuous sophistry abdicates the press' fundamental responsibility in a democracy. Trump has overwhelmed the public with lies, and his allies have amplified them. Americans need the help of respected news organizations to separate fact from fiction. Identifying lies--and avoiding euphemisms in describing them--should be part of every real journalist's (and headline editor's) job.”
5.“Finally and perhaps most importantly, labeling election liars accurately is not "taking political sides." It's the responsibility of a free press in the fight to save democracy.”
6.“Look at how, since January 6, Trump's Big Lie has metastasized throughout the GOP and the American body politic.”
[1]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion
[1]Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower
[1]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_colonization_of_the_Americas
[1]https://ecommons.luc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1152&context=luc_theses
[1] https://archivesfiles.delaware.gov/ebooks/Delaware_-_A_Guide_to_the_First_State.pdf
[1] Evidently, fur was so valuable, especially in France, where it would shield the coiffures of the elite noble women from the ravages of rain drops and provide felt top hats for the men. But see: https://escholarship.org/content/qt79w6n34n/qt79w6n34n_noSplash_d72a0742c561ea15803ba593f72ca684.pdf
[1] See: Hugo GrotiusDe jure belli ac pacis libri tres (On the Law of War and Peace: Three books) that was first published in 1625, beginning a process of codifying international law.
[1] https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/pequot-massacre/
[1] Boxer, Charles Ralph. The Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th Century (1974)
[1]http://paheritage.wpengine.com/article/swedes-dutch-land-lenape
[1]https://history.state.gov/milestones/1750-1775/french-indian-war
[1]https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/articles-of-confederation
[1] https://startingpointsjournal.com/james-madison-on-federalism-circa-1786-87/
[1]Code de l'Humanité, s.v. Etats-Généraux, VI, 140-51; s.v. Provinces Unies, XI, 572-82, s.v. Stadhouder, XIII, 83-91.
[1]James Madison actually was using his own statement in Notes on Ancient and Modern Confederacies, which paraphrased these remarks by Mably: “Avec un pareil gouvernement, jamais l’union n’auroit subsisté, si en effet les provinces n’avoient eu en elles-mêmes un ressort capable de hater leur lenteur, et de ramener à la même manière de penser.… Ce ressort c’est le stathouderat” (PJM, IX, 17;Collection Complète des Oeuvres de l’Abbé de Mably, XII, 199–200) (https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_bij005197901_01/_bij005197901_01_0024.php)
[1] “The Federalist Number 20, [11 December] 1787,”Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/01-10-02-0201. [Original source:The Papers of James Madison, vol. 10, 27 May 1787–3 March 1788, ed. Robert A. Rutland, Charles F. Hobson, William M. E. Rachal, and Frederika J. Teute. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1977, pp. 320–324.
[1]This idea was not a new one to the framers. Maryland’s 1776 constitution created an electoral college to elect its state senate. Outside of the example of Maryland, several European nations had used indirect electors since the Middle Ages. The best-known example was the Holy Roman Emperor who, since the Golden Bull of 1356, was chosen via powerful electors scattered throughout the continent. While hardly a democratic election of a monarch, the recognition of electors was also, in some manner, the recognition of states and territories within the Holy Roman empire that was later realized in 1648 in the Treaty of Westphalia.
[1] https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/debates_905.asp
[1]Forrest McDonald, The Economic Origins of the Constitution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958), 21-38.
[1]https://allthingsliberty.com/2020/11/the-constitutional-convention-debates-the-electoral-college/
[1]See, e.g., 2 Records of the Federal Convention 500 (Max Farrand ed., 1911).
[1] id
[1]Joseph Story, Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States § 1469 (1833)
[1]The Debates, Resolutions, and other Proceedings, in Convention, on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution 101 (Jonathan Elliot ed., 1830)
[1] As said, the fundamental reason for this “Election Day” date was that in 1845, the USA was a largely agricultural society at the time, the first week of November came after the crops were harvested but before the snows began to fall.
[1] 3 U.S. Code § 1 - Time of appointing electors
The electors of President and Vice President shall be appointed, in each State, on election day, in accordance with the laws of the State enacted prior to election day.
(Added Pub. L. 117–328, div. P, title I, § 102(a), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5233.)
[1]https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/goebbels-biography/
[1] Dolitsky, Alexander (1 August 2021). "Alexander Dolitsky: Remembering the Soviet psychological documentary film 'I and Others' that I took part in". Must Read Alaska. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberocracy
[1] https://www.freedomforum.org/free-speech-on-social-media/
[1]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_investigation_origins_counter-narrative
[1]https://www.fincen.gov/resources/statutes-regulations/usa-patriot-act
[1] https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2019/10/the-disturbing-saga-of-robert-kraft
[1] This means that while the federal government holds legal title to public lands, they are ultimately owned by the American people and held in trust for their use and enjoyment.
[1] https://www.battlefields.org/learn/topics/john-browns-harpers-ferry-raid
[1]https://www.history.com/news/voting-elections-ballots-electronic
lxviii https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Society_Foundations: Open Society Foundations (OSF), formerly the Open Society Institute, is a grantmaking network founded by business magnate George Soros. Open Society Foundations financially supports civil society groups around the world, with the stated aim of advancing justice, education, public health and independent media. The group's name was inspired by Karl Popper's 1945 book: The Open Society and its enemies.
[1] Taking the 1856 Ballot Stuffer’s Box methodology and translating into modern days, with Internet connections to tabulating and reporting machine algorithms, especially with the Android Safe Mode vulnerability, a few simple lines of code could instruct the algorithm to count every 4th, or 32nd vote for Biden, which could only be detected in manual recount, not by re-running bar-coded ballots through the tabulating machine again. Mathematically, assuming a 50-50 actual voter split, the algorithm counting every 4thvote of 160,000 total votes for Biden (under Coin Toss Theory) would result in every 8th vote “flipped”. 10,000 votes “flipped” would result in a net plus for Biden of 20,000 Votes (-10,000 from Trump’s column and + 10,000 to Biden’s column) a net gain of 20,000 votes for Biden. Trump would end up with 70,000 votes and Biden with 90,000, or 37.5% to 62.5%. But with a much larger pool of votes with a 50-50 voter split, for example from a pool of 640,000 votes and a coded instruction to count every 32nd vote in favor of Biden, then every 64thvote would be “flipped” with the same net result of “flipped” votes. (-10,000 from Trump’s column and + 10,000 to Biden’s column, a net gain of 20,000 votes for Biden) or Trump 310,000 votes and Biden 330,000 votes. But the percentage would change, 48.4% for Trump and 51.6% for Biden, well within the margin of error of a 50-50 poll, thus allaying suspicion and harder to detect, but could then result in flipping a “Battleground State” with these 20,000 votes.
https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w12073/revisions/w12073.rev0.pdf
[1] https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/56/monograph/book/41241
[1] https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa&cc=moa&view=text&rgn=main&idno=ADY1104.0001.001
[1] https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_50-322bvw49
[1] a non-profit, nonpartisan group advocating for resilient, evidence-based elections. Skoglund is a member of the Election Verification Network and serves on the National Institute of Science and Technology Voting System CyberSecurity Working Group, an advisory group to the U.S. Election Assistance Commission which is setting the cybersecurity standards for the next generation of voting machines
[1] https://groups.google.com/a/list.nist.gov/g/vvsg-cybersecurity/c/iSIdjDpedn4?pli=1
[1] https://www.electiondefense.org/bipartisan-letters-to-states-2020
[1] https://www.electiondefense.org/reports
[1] https://mashable.com/article/mypillow-ceo-mike-lindell-absolute-proof-video
[1] https://www.simplypsychology.org/pavlov.html
[1] https://m.masterandmargarita.eu/en/09context/housing.html
[1]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness
[1] https://euvsdisinfo.eu/report/george-soros-is-a-merchant-of-migrants-and-an-exterminator-of-cultures
[1] 2020 List of probable States meeting Constitutional Deadlines (“Cinderella Carriage States”). The State of Florida met its Constitutional Deadline to elect their Electors by midnight, November 3, 2020. On information and belief, the following States also met their Constitutional Deadline to elect their Electors by midnight, November 3, 2020. Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Hawaii, Indiana, Louisiana, Maine, Montana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wyoming.
2020 List of probable “John Doe” States not meeting Constitutional Deadlines and allowing “overtime” votes (“Cinderella Pumpkin States”): Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Illinois, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Utah, Virginia, Washington and Wisconsin.
(No opinion on Idaho, North Carolina and Ohio).
[1]https://int.nyt.com/data/documenttools/trump-campaign-memo/f7b2de7129fe91b2/full.pdf
[1]Monroe made four basic points: (1) the United States would not interfere in European affairs; (2) the United States recognized and would not interfere with existing colonies in the Americas; (3) the Western Hemisphere was closed to future colonization; and (4) if a European power tried to interfere with any nation in the Americas, that would be viewed as a hostile act against the United States.
Files coming soon.
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